ال‌ال‌ام

ال‌ال‌ام (به انگلیسی: Master of Laws) (M.L. یا L.L.M ; زبان لاتین Magister Legum یا Legum Magister) یک مدرک تحصیلات تکمیلی است که کسانی که یا دارای مدرک دانشگاهی کارشناسی حقوقند، یا دارندگان مدارک حرفه‌ای حقوق، یا مدرک کارشناسی در یک رشتهٔ مرتبط آن را تحصیل می‌کنند. در برخی حوزه‌های قضایی این مدرک مدرک حرفه‌ای مقدماتی برای پذیرش به شغل حقوقی است.

در بیشتر ایالات و کشورها، برای وکیل شدن و اشتغال به کار حقوقی شخص باید ابتدا مدرک حقوق دریافت کند. با این که در بیشتر کشورهای کامن لا مدرک LL.B. لازم است، آمریکا و کانادا برای اشتغال به امر حقوق عموماً مدرک دکترای حرفه‌ای یا جی دی را لازم می‌دانند. جی دی یک دکترا و اولین درجه تخصصی تحصیلات تکمیلی در حقوق است.

اگر شخص علاقه‌مند باشد از طریق پژوهش در یک حوزهٔ خاص حقوق دانش تخصصی کسب کند، می‌تواند پس از اخذ جی دی تحصیلاتش را در یک برنامه ال‌ال‌ام ادامه دهد.

منابع

↑ http://work.chron.com/jd-attorney-10582.html
↑ http://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/youth-outreach/so-you-want-become-lawyer
↑ Association of American Universities Data Exchange. "Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education". Retrieved 2010-09-01.
↑ National Science Foundation (2006). "Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients". InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics. NSF. 06–312: 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2016. Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
↑ San Diego County Bar Association (1969). "Ethics Opinion 1969-5". Archived from the original on 11 April 2003. Retrieved 2008-05-26.. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate
↑ University of Utah (2006). "University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
↑ German Federal Ministry of Education. "U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3. 2002. p. 962:1a.
↑ U.S. Department of Education (2008). "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
↑ College Blue Book (1999). Degrees Offered by College and Subject. New York: MacMillan. p. 817.
↑ University of California, Berkeley. "General Catalog – Graduate Education – Graduate Degrees and Certificates". Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
↑ University of Southern California (1995). "Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs". Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
↑ University of Melbourne. "About Use - The Melbourne JD". Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-26.

[1] ttp://work.chron.com/jd-attorney-10582.html

[2] ttp://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/youth-outreach/so-you-want-become-lawyer

[aaude2008-3] Association of American Universities Data Exchange. "Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education". Retrieved 2010-09-01.

[nsf2006-4] National Science Foundation (2006). "Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients". InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics. NSF. 06–312: 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2016. Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.

[sdcba1969-5] San Diego County Bar Association (1969). "Ethics Opinion 1969-5". Archived from the original on 11 April 2003. Retrieved 2008-05-26.. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate

[utah2006-6] University of Utah (2006). "University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

[gfme2008-7] German Federal Ministry of Education. "U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.

[eb2002-8] Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3. 2002. p. 962:1a.

[usdoe2008-9] U.S. Department of Education (2008). "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[cbb1999-10] College Blue Book (1999). Degrees Offered by College and Subject. New York: MacMillan. p. 817.

[ucb2008-11] University of California, Berkeley. "General Catalog – Graduate Education – Graduate Degrees and Certificates". Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[usc1995-12] University of Southern California (1995). "Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs". Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[unimelb2008-13] University of Melbourne. "About Use - The Melbourne JD". Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-26.